INVASIVE PLANT SRECIES IN NORTHLAND
PLANTS NOT RECOMENDED FOR PLANTING IN WHANGAREI & DISTRICTS - Weedbusters Northland in conjunction with The Whangarei District Council; Whangarei Regional Council; Department of Conservation; Far North Council & Kaipara DistrictCouncil, advise people not to plant certain species of plant in Whangarei. There is a colour book available from Council Offices free of charge that list these plants. 'PLANT ME INSTEAD' has excellent colour photography and text.
(Picture above shows Morning Glory - Ipomoea - almost killing a Puriri tree).
ACACIA
Acacia mearnsii: Black Wattle.
BOTANICAL NAME: Acacia mearnsii. Common name Black Wattle. A member of the leguminosae family, or legume. A large genus which includes the African species known as Thorn Tree. Many non-Australian species tend to be thorny, however, the majority of Australian acacias are not and Black Wattle is an Australian invader. All species are pod-bearing, with sap and leaves often bearing large amounts of tannins and condensed tannins that historically found use as pharmaceuticals and preservatives. Black Wattle is a highly invasive plant which is invading the parks and reserves of Whangarei. These photographs were taken on the Western Hills of Whangarei, Northland, New Zealand in July 2013.
The genus Acacia previously contained roughly 1300 species, about 960 of them native to Australia,
with the remainder spread around the tropical to warm-temperate regions of Africa & Asia to Europe and the Americas. However, in 2005 the genus was divided and the generic name Acacia was retained for the majority of the Australian species and a few in tropical Asia, Madagascar and Pacific Islands. Most of the species outside of Australia, and a small number of Australian species, were reclassified.
The genus Acacia previously contained roughly 1300 species, about 960 of them native to Australia,
with the remainder spread around the tropical to warm-temperate regions of Africa & Asia to Europe and the Americas. However, in 2005 the genus was divided and the generic name Acacia was retained for the majority of the Australian species and a few in tropical Asia, Madagascar and Pacific Islands. Most of the species outside of Australia, and a small number of Australian species, were reclassified.
ACANTHUS.
Acanthus mollis : Bear's Breeches - Acanthus.
Botanical Name - Acanthus mollis : There are several different varieties grown as a ground cover or border plant. Acanthus is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, ideally suited to Whangarei & further north as they are native to tropical and warm temperate regions. Iit can quickly take over on banks and open areas. Common names include Acanthus and Bear's Breeches. Broad glossy leaves and flower spikes with white or purplish flowers stand up from dark green foliage. Very hardy.
ACETOSA.
Acetosa sagittata : Climbing Dock - Turkey Rhubarb - Rambling Dock - Potato Vine.
BOTANICAL NAME : Acetosa sagittata - Common names are Climbing Dock, Turkey
Rhubarb, Rambling Dock or Potato Vine. It is a herbaceous perennial plant native to southern Africa, which has become a weed in Australia and New Zealand. Initially described as Rumex sagittatus by a Swedish botanist, it was later renamed and placed in the genus Acetosa by Australian botanists Lawrie Johnson and Barbara Briggs. sagitta which means arrow in Latin, as the plant has arrow-shaped foliage. Photographs taken in Bank Street, Whangarei Central, show A. sagitta almost smothering a New Zealand native plant, Coprosma kirkii, which is peeping out around the edges.
Rhubarb, Rambling Dock or Potato Vine. It is a herbaceous perennial plant native to southern Africa, which has become a weed in Australia and New Zealand. Initially described as Rumex sagittatus by a Swedish botanist, it was later renamed and placed in the genus Acetosa by Australian botanists Lawrie Johnson and Barbara Briggs. sagitta which means arrow in Latin, as the plant has arrow-shaped foliage. Photographs taken in Bank Street, Whangarei Central, show A. sagitta almost smothering a New Zealand native plant, Coprosma kirkii, which is peeping out around the edges.
AGAPANTHUS.
Agapanthus africanus : Aggie's Panties (col.)- Lily Of The Nile - African Lily -
BOTANICAL NAME Agapanthus africanus : Agapanthus is the only genus in the subfamily Agapanththoideae of the Amaryllus family. The cultivated forms come in large and small leaved species, with blue or white flowers. Agapanthus is commonly known as "Lily of the
Nile" or 'African lily' in the UK; but it is not a lily and all of the species are native to South
Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to the Limpopo River. A great many hybrids and cultivars have been produced and they are used as a ground cover or border plant in shaded areas under trees or in full sunlight. Totally suited to the warmer climate of Northland, New Zealand. They are cultivated throughout warm areas of the world. Open to slug and snail attacks, but this can be controlled with baits.
Nile" or 'African lily' in the UK; but it is not a lily and all of the species are native to South
Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to the Limpopo River. A great many hybrids and cultivars have been produced and they are used as a ground cover or border plant in shaded areas under trees or in full sunlight. Totally suited to the warmer climate of Northland, New Zealand. They are cultivated throughout warm areas of the world. Open to slug and snail attacks, but this can be controlled with baits.
AGERATUM.
Ageratum adenophora: Mistflower - Mexican Devil - Crofton Weed - Eupatory - Sticky Snakeroot.
BOTANICAL NAME: Ageratina adenophora (syn. Eupatorium adenophorum). Common names Mistflower, Mexican Devil. Eupatory, Sticky Snakeroot and Crofton Weed. A species of flowering plant in the daisy family (Compositae)
A. adenophora is a perennial herbaceous shrub which grows to 2 metres (3.3 or 6.6 ft) high. The small compound flowers occur in late spring and summer, and are found in clusters at the end of branches similar to the Blue Ageratum bedding plant, but A adenopora is creamy white in colour. The small brown seeds are spead by its white feathery parachute, with the aid of the wind. It can completely smother native plant communities, and has been known to cause sediment build-up in streams. These photographs were taken on the Western Hills side bank of the Waiarohia Stream where it is speading quickly.
A. adenophora is a perennial herbaceous shrub which grows to 2 metres (3.3 or 6.6 ft) high. The small compound flowers occur in late spring and summer, and are found in clusters at the end of branches similar to the Blue Ageratum bedding plant, but A adenopora is creamy white in colour. The small brown seeds are spead by its white feathery parachute, with the aid of the wind. It can completely smother native plant communities, and has been known to cause sediment build-up in streams. These photographs were taken on the Western Hills side bank of the Waiarohia Stream where it is speading quickly.
ARAUJIA.
Araujia hortorum : Moth plant - Cruel Vine - Milk Weed.
BOTANICAL NAME : Araujia hortorum - A plant belonging to a small genus of perennial vines in the family Apocynaceae. There are about five species, all of which are native to South America. A rampant climber, it quickly covers the host plant smothering it. Sometimes the leaves are eaten by Monarch Butterflies, but only when Swann Plant is unavailable. I have found the easiest way to destroy an adult plant covering a shrub of tree is to locate the stem at cut with secetures at ground level the again about two hand spans up from the first cut. The top growth will die and can then be removed or allowed to rot away. Pictured left is a plant covered in Moth Plant showing seed pods.. This area of bush in Western Hills Road is home to several Noxious species.
ASPARAGUS.
Asparagus scandens: Wild Asparagus.
BOTANICAL NAME: Asparagus scandens: Common Name - Wild Asparagus, Climbing Asparagus Fern or Krulkransie. It is a plant native to South Africa in the Asparagus genus, and although it may be a fine looking creeper, it is actually quite hardy and is taking over the native reserves around Whangarei. It prefers shady areas and moisture, but can tolerate some drought. Its soft, feathery foliage is a deep, rich green and unlike other asparagus ferns, this species does not grow thorns. This tough little creeper is indigenous to the shady afro-montane forests of the Western Cape, South Africa. Here it can be found from the indigenous woods and kloofs of Cape Town, eastwards as far as the Tsitsikamma Mountains. It is cultivated in South African gardens, is a very useful ornamental plant for growing in deep shade. It will climb up any sticks, pillars or trellises that are available, but if there is nothing for it to climb up, it will simply form a thick, feathery groundcover, and it is doing that in the native reserves of New Zealand. A. scandens is an invasive species in New Zealand where it is listed on the National Pest Plant Accord, which means that it cannot be sold or distributed. In Australia it is listed on the Weeds of National Significance, a list of 32 taxa compiled by the federal government.
CALLISTEMON
Callistemon rigidus : Bottlebrush - Stiff Bottlebrush.
BOTANICAL NAME: Callistemon rigidus. Common Name - Bottlebrush, Stiff Bottlebrush is a shrub in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to the state of New South Wales in Australia. It grows to between 2 and 3 metres in height and has a stiff, erect habit. The leaves are mostly 50 to 70 mm long and 3 to 4 mm wide. Red flower spikes with darker anthers are produced in summer.
The species was first formally described by botanist Robert Brown in 1925.
This species is very similsr to Callistemon citrinus, which is a common garden species, but has a citrus smell to the leaf when crushed. Top photograph is of C. citrinus 'Splenden'.
The species was first formally described by botanist Robert Brown in 1925.
This species is very similsr to Callistemon citrinus, which is a common garden species, but has a citrus smell to the leaf when crushed. Top photograph is of C. citrinus 'Splenden'.
CENTRANTHUS
Centranthus ruber: Valerian - Spur Valerian - Jupiter's Beard.
BOTANICAL NAME: Centranthus ruber, also called valerian or red valerian, spur valerian, or Jupiter's beard, was introduced from Europe where it is a popular garden plant grown for its ornamental flowers of red to pink and sometimes white. In some parts the young leaves are eaten, but they are rather bitter. C. ruber is now common throughout most of New Zealand, where it grows in rock walls and on roadsides and cliff faces. Parachute seeds are carried on the wind and flowers are pollinated by Butterflies and moths, or other long-tongued insects.
Photographs taken below Riverside Road beside the boatsheds.
Photographs taken below Riverside Road beside the boatsheds.
CESTRUM.
Cestrum species: Cestrum - Jessamine.
BOTANICAL NAME: Cestrum is a genus of about 150-250 species of flowering plants in the Solanaceae or potato family.. They are native to the Americas, from the southernmost United States. The nost common species in New Zealand are day flowering, but C. nocturnum, a night flowering species with orange flowers is also common. All are on the 'Pest Species' list. The flowers are fragrant which is why they are sometimes commonly called jessamines from Jasmine.They are shrubs growing to 1–4 m (3 ft 3 in–13 ft 1 in) in height, evergreen and all parts of the plants are poisonous, causing severe gastroenteritis if eaten.
The photograph is of Cestrum aurantiacum – commonly called Orange Cestrum or Orange-flowering Jessamine, growing in Whangarei, about to battle with Ipomaea for this spot in a garden (above). The most common Red flowering Cestrum is C. elegans.
The photograph is of Cestrum aurantiacum – commonly called Orange Cestrum or Orange-flowering Jessamine, growing in Whangarei, about to battle with Ipomaea for this spot in a garden (above). The most common Red flowering Cestrum is C. elegans.
CIRSIUM
BOTANICAL NAME: Cirsium vulgare : Common name Scotch Thistle or Spear Thistle. It is a species of the genus Cirsium, native throughout most of Europe and north-western Africa (Atlas Mountains). It is also naturalised in North America and Australia, and is as an invasive weed in Northland New Zealand. It was introduced to New Zealand by Scottish pioneers as a garden plant, for its flowers which appear November to March. Hence the common name Scotch Thistle. Photograph taken in Whangarei, where it was growing in association with bracken fern and red hen.
CORTADERIA.
Cortaderia selloana: Pampas Grass -Andean Pampas Grass - Cutty Grass.
BOTANICAL NAME: Cortaderia selloana & C. jubata. Common name Pampas Grass.
Cortaderia selloana, commonly known as pampas
grass, is a feathery, flowering plant native to the south of South America, especially the Pampas from where it gets its common name.
Cortaderia jubata is another of Pampas grass commonly called Purple pampas grass and Andean pampas grass. It is similar to its more widespread relative C. selloana, but it can get taller, about seven meters. It is native to the northern Andes but is well-known as an invasive species in many other parts of the world, including New Zealand. It is a tall grass, growing in dense tussocks that can reach a height of 3 m (10 ft). Both species are evergreen, with long, slender leaves with very sharp edges. Sometimes known collectively in New Zealand as Cutty Grass.The main distinguishing feature is that the feather of C selloana is white, while the feather of C. jubata has a purple tinge. Bothe species harbour animal pests and create a fire risk. Photographs taked on the Raumahanga Walkway, Onerahi.
Cortaderia selloana, commonly known as pampas
grass, is a feathery, flowering plant native to the south of South America, especially the Pampas from where it gets its common name.
Cortaderia jubata is another of Pampas grass commonly called Purple pampas grass and Andean pampas grass. It is similar to its more widespread relative C. selloana, but it can get taller, about seven meters. It is native to the northern Andes but is well-known as an invasive species in many other parts of the world, including New Zealand. It is a tall grass, growing in dense tussocks that can reach a height of 3 m (10 ft). Both species are evergreen, with long, slender leaves with very sharp edges. Sometimes known collectively in New Zealand as Cutty Grass.The main distinguishing feature is that the feather of C selloana is white, while the feather of C. jubata has a purple tinge. Bothe species harbour animal pests and create a fire risk. Photographs taked on the Raumahanga Walkway, Onerahi.
COTONEASTER .
Cotoneaster franchetii and C. simonsii: Cotoneaster.
BOTANICAL NAME: Cotoneaster franchetii and Cotoneaster simonsii: Two species in the genus Cotoneaster that have escaped from cultivation and are ravaging open spaces throughout Northland. Cotoneaster is a genus of flowering plants in the family, Rosaceae. They are native to the temperate region of Asia, Europe, and North Africa, with a strong concentration of diversity in the genus in the mountains of southwestern China and the Himalayas. There are up to 300 different species of Cotoneaster. The majority of species are shrubs from 0.5–5 metres (1.6–16 ft) tall, varying from ground-hugging prostrate plants to erect shrubs. Some species are still grown as garden plants, with Cotoneaster horizontalis still a popular ground cover. The prostrate species are mostly alpine plants growing at high altitude in their natural habitat, while the larger species occur in scrub and woodland gaps at lower altitudes.
Cotoneaster franchetii : Common Name -Franchet's Cotoneaster. A species of Cotoneaster native to southwestern China, and also in adjacent northern Myanmar and northern Thailand. An evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub growing to 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall. The leaves are oval-acute, 2–3.5 centimetres (0.79–1.4 in) long and 1–1.5 centimetres (0.39–0.59 in) broad, shiny green above, pubescent below with dense whitish to yellowish hairs. Cotoneaster simonsii: Himalayan Cotoneaster or Simons' Cotoneaster. A species of Cotoneaster that was once used as a garden plant, but is now a real threat to Northland forests and open areas. It is a spreading evergreen shrub which grows up to 4 metres. Both species have masses of small white flowers , followed by bright red berries that are spread by birds. They can form dense stands that crowd out native species. Photographs taken in the Waiarohia Reserve, Whangarei.
Cotoneaster franchetii : Common Name -Franchet's Cotoneaster. A species of Cotoneaster native to southwestern China, and also in adjacent northern Myanmar and northern Thailand. An evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub growing to 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall. The leaves are oval-acute, 2–3.5 centimetres (0.79–1.4 in) long and 1–1.5 centimetres (0.39–0.59 in) broad, shiny green above, pubescent below with dense whitish to yellowish hairs. Cotoneaster simonsii: Himalayan Cotoneaster or Simons' Cotoneaster. A species of Cotoneaster that was once used as a garden plant, but is now a real threat to Northland forests and open areas. It is a spreading evergreen shrub which grows up to 4 metres. Both species have masses of small white flowers , followed by bright red berries that are spread by birds. They can form dense stands that crowd out native species. Photographs taken in the Waiarohia Reserve, Whangarei.
DATURA.
Datura inoxia - Thorn Apple - Indian Apple - Moonflower.
BOTANICAL NAME : Datura inoxia. Common names include - thorn-apple, downy
thorn-apple, Indian-apple, moonflower. Datura species are members of the potato family (Solanaceae). It is native to Central and South America, and introduced into New Zealand by early settlers. The scientific name is often cited as D. innoxia. Pictures show Datira sp. growing in Kensington at the top of Western Hills Drive.
thorn-apple, Indian-apple, moonflower. Datura species are members of the potato family (Solanaceae). It is native to Central and South America, and introduced into New Zealand by early settlers. The scientific name is often cited as D. innoxia. Pictures show Datira sp. growing in Kensington at the top of Western Hills Drive.
ERIOBOTRYA
Eriobotrya japonica: Loquat - Japanese Plum - Chinese Plum.
BOTANICAL NAME: Eriobotrya japonica. Common name, Loquat, is a species of flowering plant in the Rose family, Rosaceae. It is native to central China and is a large evergreen tree. Overseas it is grown commercially for its yellow fruit that is made into jam or eaten when ripened to a rich yellow colour. The birds also like this fruit and spread the seeds. It is also cultivated as an ornamental plant. E. japonica is closely related to the genus Mespilus, and is still sometimes known as the
Japanese medlar. Another common name overseas is the Japanese plum or Chinese plum. The photographs were taken in Second Avenue, Whangarei.
Loquats are also grown organically for Loquat Leaf which is used to make medicinal teas, and to relieve diarrhea, depression and also to counteract the effects of intoxication. The fruit is
sometimes used as a sedative and is thought to reduce vomiting and thirst when ingested.
Japanese medlar. Another common name overseas is the Japanese plum or Chinese plum. The photographs were taken in Second Avenue, Whangarei.
Loquats are also grown organically for Loquat Leaf which is used to make medicinal teas, and to relieve diarrhea, depression and also to counteract the effects of intoxication. The fruit is
sometimes used as a sedative and is thought to reduce vomiting and thirst when ingested.
ERYTHRINA.
Erythrina x sykesii : Coral Tree - Flame Tree.
Botanical name : Erythrina crist-galli: Common name, Coral Tree. Deciduous trees E. crista-galli which is a large tree with bright red flowers. It was planted freely by early settlers and is one of the widely grown species, and has become an invasive plant.
Erythrina grows to a large tree with bright red or orange flowers, but the branches have woody thorns. A genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, it contains about 130 species, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. They are trees which grow up to 30 m (98 ft) in height. The common name coral tree is used as a collective term for these plants, and flame tree is another common name, but flame tree can refer to a number of unrelated plants as well. The species photographed has held onto the previous season's flower spikes, looking rather untidy. Unfortunately it has been planted too close to it's neighboring Jacaranda. Erythrina is a major problem in wetlands where it crowds out other species. Photographs were taken in Whangarei, beside streams in the central areas.
Erythrina grows to a large tree with bright red or orange flowers, but the branches have woody thorns. A genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, it contains about 130 species, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. They are trees which grow up to 30 m (98 ft) in height. The common name coral tree is used as a collective term for these plants, and flame tree is another common name, but flame tree can refer to a number of unrelated plants as well. The species photographed has held onto the previous season's flower spikes, looking rather untidy. Unfortunately it has been planted too close to it's neighboring Jacaranda. Erythrina is a major problem in wetlands where it crowds out other species. Photographs were taken in Whangarei, beside streams in the central areas.
GUNNERA.
Gunnera tinctoria: Chilean Rhubarb.
BOTANICAL NAME: Gunnera tinctoria: Common Name - Chilean Rhubarb. Originally grown for its foliage as a border or ground cover plant, it was introduced into New Zealand, but quickly got out of control. A native of Chile and Argentina, it has a large leaf, often up to a metre or more in width. A perennial, it is also known under the synonemsG. chinendid and G. scabra. The cone-shaped flowers ptoduce seeds that are eaten and scattered by birds. It evades coastal cliffs, stream banks and wetlands. Photographs thaken in Raumanga, Whangarei.
HEDERA.
Hedera helix : Common Ivy.
BOTANICAL NAME : Hedera helix . Common names Common Ivy or English Ivy. A species of
ivy native to most of Europe and Asia. It is an extremely invasive species in Northland, however not all species of Ivy are invasive, but it is recomended that the only be grown in containers, and that any clippings are burned. Pictures show H. helix growing over a wall in Hatea Drive, Whangarei.
ivy native to most of Europe and Asia. It is an extremely invasive species in Northland, however not all species of Ivy are invasive, but it is recomended that the only be grown in containers, and that any clippings are burned. Pictures show H. helix growing over a wall in Hatea Drive, Whangarei.
HEDYCHIUM.
Hedychium gardnerianum: Kahili Ginger.
BOTANICAL NAME: Hedychium gardnerianum. Common name Kahili Ginger. This plant was introduced into New Zealand for its good looks, but wild ginger now threatens to smother our native forests. It plant was introduced from India in the 1890s and rapidly spread throughout Auckland, Coromandel and Northland, where the warm moist climate favoured the initial spread of the plant and it is now a problem in parts of the top of the South Island, and on the West Coast as well. There are two types of wild ginger. Kahili Ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum), pictured here growing in the Coronation Reserve, and a species known as Yellow Ginger (Hedychium flavescens) which does not seed, so is less of a threat.
Note - Hedychium coronarium 'White Butterfly' is a species grown in ornamental horticulture. It has white flowers.
Note - Hedychium coronarium 'White Butterfly' is a species grown in ornamental horticulture. It has white flowers.
IPOMOEA.
Ipomoea indica : Blue Morning Glory.
BOTANICAL NAME : Ipomoea idica - The Common name is Morning glory, but Morning Glory is the common name for over 1,000 species of flowering plants in the Convolvulus family (Convolvulaceae). Left is a photograph of Ipomoea strangling a Cestrum to death. The picture above shows the fresh and old (red) flowers. As few as 25-years ago you could still buy the seeds of this plant in Yates seed packets.
JASMINUM
Jasminum polyanthemum: Jasmine
BOTANICAL NAME: Jasminum polyanthum, Common Name Pink Jasmine (or White Jasmine), is an evergreen twining climber from China. It produces an abundance of reddish-pink flower buds in late winter and early spring, followed by fragrant star-like white flowers which are about 2 cm in diameter. It has compound leaves with 5 to 7 leaflets which are dark green on the upper surface and a lighter green on the lower surface. The terminal leaflet is noticeably larger than the other leaflets. The plant is very vigorous and can grow up to 6 metres in height when supported. Depending on the climate, this vine has a semi-deciduous to evergreen foliage.
J.polyanthum is well known as a house plant in the USA and Europe, but in New Zealand it is now classed as an invasive species. It can grow in the shade, so is a threat to bush reserves. It is also classed as an invasive species in most Pacific Islands and Australia.
J.polyanthum is well known as a house plant in the USA and Europe, but in New Zealand it is now classed as an invasive species. It can grow in the shade, so is a threat to bush reserves. It is also classed as an invasive species in most Pacific Islands and Australia.
JUGLANS.
Juglans ailantifolia : Japanese Walnut..
BOTANICAL NAME : Juglans ailantifolia (synonyms J. cordiformis
and J. sieboldiana and J. mandshurica var. sachalinensis), common name is the Japanese Walnut. A species of walnut native to Japan. It is a deciduous fast growing tree which has taken a liking to Northland. It grows up to 30 meters tall and and is already taking over much of the streem banks i the Waiarohea reserve. This all started from a few trees planted in parks and reserves, one of the original trees is in Cafler Park. The leaves are Ash-like, glossy green but larger than the Ash, being
50–90 cm long, with 11-17 leaflets. The whole leaf somewhat brighter, yellower green than many other tree leaves. The male flowers are inconspicuous but are followed by bunches of nuts of up to ten, they mature mid autumn. The edible nuts have an oily texture.
and J. sieboldiana and J. mandshurica var. sachalinensis), common name is the Japanese Walnut. A species of walnut native to Japan. It is a deciduous fast growing tree which has taken a liking to Northland. It grows up to 30 meters tall and and is already taking over much of the streem banks i the Waiarohea reserve. This all started from a few trees planted in parks and reserves, one of the original trees is in Cafler Park. The leaves are Ash-like, glossy green but larger than the Ash, being
50–90 cm long, with 11-17 leaflets. The whole leaf somewhat brighter, yellower green than many other tree leaves. The male flowers are inconspicuous but are followed by bunches of nuts of up to ten, they mature mid autumn. The edible nuts have an oily texture.
BOTANICAL NAME: Lantana camara is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family, Verbenaceae, that is native to the American tropics. All varieties should be considered invasive in Northland, with the exception being L. sellowians, a groundcover species with purple flowers. It has been introduced into other parts of the world as an ornamental plant and is considered an invasive species in many tropical and sub-tropical areas. Common names include largeleaf lantana, common lantana, kamara lantana, wild sage, red sage, yellow sage, white sage, and shrub verbena. Lantana is a genus of about 150 species of perennial flowering plants. Pictured is a hybrid variety, growing in Whangarei.
LIGUSTRUM.
Ligustrum ovalifolium: Privit.
BOTANICAL NAME : Ligustrum ovalifolium. Members of the Ligustrum genus are all commonly called Privit which is a genus of around 50 species of deciduous or evergreen flowering plants in the olive family Oleaceae. It is native to the Old World (those parts of the world known to classical antiquity and the European Middle Ages) and Autralia. The are erect shrubs or medium-sized trees. Many species were used for hedging by early settlers, but have since spread into native bush and open areas. The most widely planted species was L. ovalifolium. All parts of this plant can cause severe discomfort if ingested and the pollen causes allergic reactions in many people. Ligustrom species can quickly crowd out other species. The photograph shows a Privit growing as a Epiphyte on a native Puriri (Vitex lucerns) in Bank Street, Whangarei.
LONICERA.
Lonicera japonica : Japanese Honeysuckle.
BOTANICAL NAME : Lonicera japonica - The Japanese Honeysuckle is a species of honeysuckle native to eastern Asia including China, where it is known as Jinyinhua, and Japan where it is known as Suikazura, and Korea. It is a rampant twining vine able to climb up to 10 metres (33 ft) high
or more in trees and completely smothering them. The flowers open white and fade to yellow. They are sweetly scented. Pictured is honeysuckle smothering a Coprosma in Kensington, Whangarei. As spraying will kill the host as well as the honeysuckle, locate the stem and cut at groend level. The plant will then die and the host take over.
or more in trees and completely smothering them. The flowers open white and fade to yellow. They are sweetly scented. Pictured is honeysuckle smothering a Coprosma in Kensington, Whangarei. As spraying will kill the host as well as the honeysuckle, locate the stem and cut at groend level. The plant will then die and the host take over.
NEPHROLEPIS.
Nephrolepis cordifolia: Tuber Ladder Fern - Ladder Fern.
BOTANICAL NAME : Nephrolepis cordifolia - Common Name, Tuber Ladder Fern or Ladder Fern. Nephrolepis is a genus in the family Lomariopsidaceae which is sometimes treated in its own family, Nephrolepidaceae. Originally introduced into New Zealand as a pot plant or shade plant, this tuberous fern quickly established itself in the native bush where it began to block out native plants. Each hairy brown root tuber is capable of forming a new plant, so any plant matter removed from the garden should be burned, not composted. These incredible photographs of this 'Pest Species' were taken on the 16th of January, 2013 on a Phoenix Palm outside the old library at Forum North, the Whangarei District Council Offices. Left shows the fern at the base of the Palm, while above the picture shows how it has taken over the crown of the same Palm.
PHOENIX.
Phoenix canariensis : Phoenix Palm - Canary Island Palm.
BOTANICAL NAME : Phoenix canarienisiis. Phoenix is a genus of 14 species of palms, however, the one that is of concern is P. canariensis, common names Phoenix Palm or Canary Island Date Palm. It is native to the Canary Islands and east across northern and central Africa, Crete & Southern Asia. The subfamily is Coryphoideae.
Phoenix palms seed readily and can overun open areas. However, the concern for home gardeners is the spikes ar the base of the fronds. The shap needle points can penetrate deep into humans and farm or domestic animals, needing surgical removal. I have personally experienced this discomfort with a thorn in the side of the face between the eye & ear. It was removed after months of applying a drawing ointment like black tar. Seedlngs should be uprooted on sight. Photographs taken of a plant beside the pipe crossing of the Waiarohia Streem, behind Whangarei Boys High School, were dogens of school children cross each schoolday.
Phoenix palms seed readily and can overun open areas. However, the concern for home gardeners is the spikes ar the base of the fronds. The shap needle points can penetrate deep into humans and farm or domestic animals, needing surgical removal. I have personally experienced this discomfort with a thorn in the side of the face between the eye & ear. It was removed after months of applying a drawing ointment like black tar. Seedlngs should be uprooted on sight. Photographs taken of a plant beside the pipe crossing of the Waiarohia Streem, behind Whangarei Boys High School, were dogens of school children cross each schoolday.
PRUNUS
Prunus campanulata: Taiwan Cherry, Formosa Cherry, or Bellflower Cherry
BOTANICAL NAME: Prunus campanulata. Common Names: Taiwan Cherry (which is mostly used), Formosa Cherry & Bellflower Cherry. A species of cherry native to Taiwan, widely grown as an ornamental tree, which is how it was introduced to Whangarei and became an invasive species. The flower is a symbol of Nago, Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.
Invasive species.
The tree is an invasive plant species in the Northland Region of New Zealand. It is illegal to
distribute, sell or propagate the plant or distribute soil, gravel etc. that contain the seeds or other parts of the plant. It can be seen invading the banks of the Western Hills Drive in Whangarei and the banks of the Waiarohia Stream below the Western Hills. It is deciduous and flowers in July/August. Trees grow to 8 metres, with an upright branching form. The flowers are followed by small cherries which are eaten by birds and spread through the native bush. It is one of the main threats to the Coronation Scenic Reserve in Whangarei.
Invasive species.
The tree is an invasive plant species in the Northland Region of New Zealand. It is illegal to
distribute, sell or propagate the plant or distribute soil, gravel etc. that contain the seeds or other parts of the plant. It can be seen invading the banks of the Western Hills Drive in Whangarei and the banks of the Waiarohia Stream below the Western Hills. It is deciduous and flowers in July/August. Trees grow to 8 metres, with an upright branching form. The flowers are followed by small cherries which are eaten by birds and spread through the native bush. It is one of the main threats to the Coronation Scenic Reserve in Whangarei.
RICINUS.
Ricinus communis: Castor Oil Plant.
BOTANICAL NAME: Ricinus communis,: Common Name, Castor Oil Plant. A deadly poisonous plant, a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It belongs to a monotypic genus, Ricinus, and subtribe, Ricininae. The evolution of castor and its relation to other species are currently being studied using modern genetic tools. Its seed is the castor bean, which, despite its name, is not a true bean. Castor is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India, but is widespread throughout tropical regions. It was widely grown in New Zealand as an ornamental plant, until outlawed, due to its deadly poisonous Ricin, but had already escaped into the wild and can be seen growing on the banks of rivers and streams throughout Northland. Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a wide variety of uses. The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein, which is contained in the seed as ricin, a toxin, which is also present in lower concentrations throughout the plant. The castor oil plant found in New Zealand is easily identified by its star-shaped red foliage and small kina-like seed pods. The flowers are borne in terminal panicle-like inflorescences of a deep red colour. The fruit is a spiny, reddish-purple capsule containing large, oval, shiny, bean-like, highly poisonous seeds with variable brownish mottling.
ROLDANA.
Roldana petasitis : Velvet Groundsel - Senecio.
BOTANICAL NAME : Roldana petasitis. The common name is velvet groundsel. It is a species
of the genus Roldana and family Asteraceae that used to be known as Senecio. Even the specific name sounds like a disease. Photograps above and to the left are of R. petasitis growing on the nank opposite the Waiarohia reseve in Manse Street. Picture below shows seeds in November.
of the genus Roldana and family Asteraceae that used to be known as Senecio. Even the specific name sounds like a disease. Photograps above and to the left are of R. petasitis growing on the nank opposite the Waiarohia reseve in Manse Street. Picture below shows seeds in November.
RUBUS.
Rubus fruiticosus: Blackberry - Bramble.
BOTANICAL NAME: Rubus fruiticosus, common name, Blackberry - The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the Rubus genus in the Rosaceae, or Rose family. Although it is a noxious or invasive species in New Zealand, it is a prized fruit in other parts of the world, and has been hybridized. What distinguishes the blackberry from its raspberry relatives is whether or not the receptacle or stem stays with the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the receptacle does stay with the fruit. With a raspberry, the receptacle or torus, remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit. The term 'bramble', a word meaning any impenetrable scrub, has traditionally been applied specifically to the blackberry or its products, though in the United States it applies to all members of the Rubus genus. The usually black fruit is not a true berry. Botanically it is termed an aggregate fruit, composed of small drupelets. It is a widespread and well-known group of over 375 species, many of which are closely related apomictic microspecies native throughout Europe, northwestern Africa, temperate western and central Asia and North and South America. They are grown commercially for the fruit which is a popular jam in Britain and her old Empire. Photographs taken in Russell Road, Whangarei.us
SENNA (Formally Cassia).
Senna septemtrionalis: Buttercup Bush.
BOTANICAL NAME : Senna species. Formerly known as Cassia, Commonly called the Buttercup Bush, Senna is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. The genus is native to the tropics, with a some species reaching into temperate climates. A species of about 260 to 350 depending on the authority. About 50 species of
Senna are known in cultivation. Not all species are reguarded as pests, Senna bicapsularis is a large shrub that seems fine in cultivation (see Exotic Shrubs emtry), but it is not recommended that any members of this species are planted. Senna or Cassia , was a very popular plant with councils in the 1950s-1970s. However, it seeds and reverts from the cultivated varieties back to the original rampant growing plant that is regarded as a 'Pest Plant' by the Auckland Council. It is not listed as a pest by Northland councils as yet. Pictures show Senna growing in Caffler Park, Whangarei. S. didymobotrya (formerly Cassia didymobotrya) was also grown by councils, however this species is poisonous.
Senna are known in cultivation. Not all species are reguarded as pests, Senna bicapsularis is a large shrub that seems fine in cultivation (see Exotic Shrubs emtry), but it is not recommended that any members of this species are planted. Senna or Cassia , was a very popular plant with councils in the 1950s-1970s. However, it seeds and reverts from the cultivated varieties back to the original rampant growing plant that is regarded as a 'Pest Plant' by the Auckland Council. It is not listed as a pest by Northland councils as yet. Pictures show Senna growing in Caffler Park, Whangarei. S. didymobotrya (formerly Cassia didymobotrya) was also grown by councils, however this species is poisonous.
SOLANUM.
Solanum mauritianum: Wooley Nightshade - Flannel Weed - Tobacco Weed.
BOTANICAL NAME: Solanum mauritianum. Common names include - Wooley Nightshade, Flannel Weed, Tobacco Weed & Kerosene Plant to name a few.. A small tree or shrub native to South America. It has become a widespread invasive species in New Zealand and has spread to all reserves in the Whangarei District. It is also established in the Pacific Islands and Australia. S. mauritanum has a life of up to thirty years, and can grow up to 10 m (33 ft)
tall. Its large oval leaves are grey-green in colour and covered with felt-like hairs. The flower is purple with a yellow centre. Fruiting occurs in late spring to early summer. The fruit is poisonous to humans. Photograph taken in the Waiarohia Reserve.
tall. Its large oval leaves are grey-green in colour and covered with felt-like hairs. The flower is purple with a yellow centre. Fruiting occurs in late spring to early summer. The fruit is poisonous to humans. Photograph taken in the Waiarohia Reserve.
SYZYGIUM.
Syzygium smithii : Monkey Apple - Lilly Pilly.
BOTANICAL NAME : Syzygium smithii (formerly Acmena smithii). A summer flowering evergreen tree, belonging to the myrtle family (Myrtaceae) It was planted by settlers as a shrub or hedge, and for its edible berries and attractive flowers. It is commonly known overseas as Lilly Pilly, but in New Zealand is better known as Monkey Apple, although overseas this is the common name of moshares the common name of Annona glabra. S. smittii will grow about 3–5 meters (10–15 ft) tall in the garden.
Photographs were taken on the banks of the Waiarohia Stream, Western Hills Drive, Whangarei. Pull or dig out seedlings. Fell larger trees and treat the stump with herbicide.
Photographs were taken on the banks of the Waiarohia Stream, Western Hills Drive, Whangarei. Pull or dig out seedlings. Fell larger trees and treat the stump with herbicide.
THUNBURGIA.
Thunbergia gibsonii : Black-eyed Susan Vine - Clockvine.
BOTANICAL NAME : Thunbergia gibsonii - Thunbergia is a genus of flowering plants in the Acanthus family (Acanthaceae). It is native to tropical regions of Africa, Madagascar and southern Asia. Its members are known by various names including clockvine on its own usually refers to
Thunbergia grandiflora, while Thunbergia alata is often known as Black-eyed Susan vine. Orange clockvine is the name of Thunbergia gregorii. Named afrter Carl Peter Thunberg.
Thunbergia gibsonii is vigorous perennial vine which has'escaped' from private gardens around Whangarei and is now fast becoming an invasive species. It is regarded as an environmental threat in Australia.
Thunbergia grandiflora, while Thunbergia alata is often known as Black-eyed Susan vine. Orange clockvine is the name of Thunbergia gregorii. Named afrter Carl Peter Thunberg.
Thunbergia gibsonii is vigorous perennial vine which has'escaped' from private gardens around Whangarei and is now fast becoming an invasive species. It is regarded as an environmental threat in Australia.
TRACHYCARPUS.
Trachycarpus fortunei: Fan Palm -Chusan Palm - Windmill Palm.
BOTANICAL NAME: Trachycarpus fortunii. Common name - Fan Palm, Chusan Palm or Windmill
Palm (Chinese Windmill Palm) is a native to central China and northern India & Mianma. It grows at altitudes of 100–2400 meters. A member of the family Arecaceae subfamily Coryphoideae. T. fortunii grows to 12 metres tall and is easily distingushed by its large fan-like leaves and trunk covered in course fibre. Flowers emerge from a sheath, and the small round or oblong fruit is spread by birds during the summer months. Picture (above) taken in Cafler Park behind Forum North, Whangarei. Left is a younger palm growing outside the fire station in Bank Street, Whangarei.
Palm (Chinese Windmill Palm) is a native to central China and northern India & Mianma. It grows at altitudes of 100–2400 meters. A member of the family Arecaceae subfamily Coryphoideae. T. fortunii grows to 12 metres tall and is easily distingushed by its large fan-like leaves and trunk covered in course fibre. Flowers emerge from a sheath, and the small round or oblong fruit is spread by birds during the summer months. Picture (above) taken in Cafler Park behind Forum North, Whangarei. Left is a younger palm growing outside the fire station in Bank Street, Whangarei.
TRADESCANTIA.
Tradescantia fluminensis: Wandering Willy - Wandering Jew -Wandering Gypsie.
BOTANICAL NAME: Tradescantia fluminensis . Common names Wandering Jew (common NZ name), Wandering Willie, Wandering Gypsy, Wandering Trad - This extremely invasive plant was grown as a hanging basket ornamental right up until as recently as the 1980s. It is a species of spiderwort native to South America. and is one of several plants known by the common name Wandering Jew. T. fluminensis is a rampant perennial ground cover that spreads along the ground with soft, fleshy, smooth stems and leaves. The fleshy stems root at any node that setthes on the ground. The plant has oval, dark-green leaves with pointed tips and variegated foliage forms were cultivated that have purple or white variegation. The flowers are white with three petals and approx. 0.5 - 1 inch in diameter. They are produced in small clusters in summer months, however they do not produce seeds, but propogate vegetatively. Many portions of the inner city reserves now have large sections of Tradescantia as a ground cover, especially areas close to private property where people have discarded plant material into the bush. Pictures taken on the Waiarohia Stream bank. In parts of the lower slopes of the Coronation Reserve, Whangarei, this plant has formed a dense carpet that has smothered native ground plants, and prevents any further seed germination. It can cause contact dermatitis in domestic pets.
TROPAEOLUM
Tropaeolum majus: Nasturtium.
BOTANICAL NANME: Tropaeolum majus. Common name nasturtium. A genus of roughly 80 species of annual and perennial flowering plants. It is the only genus in the family Tropaeolaceae. The nasturtiums received their common name because they produce an oil that is similar to that of watercress (Nasturtium officinale). The genus Tropaeolum, is native to South and Central America, includes several very popular garden plants, the most commonly grown being T. majus, T.
peregrinum and T. speciosum. The hardiest species is T. polyphyllum from Chile, the perennial roots of which can survive underground when air temperatures drop as low as −15°C (5°F). Plants in this genus have showy, often intensely bright flowers, and rounded, shield-shaped leaves with the petiole in the centre. The flowers have five petals (sometimes more), a three-carpelled ovary, and a funnel-shaped nectar tube at the back. Photograph left shows T. majus growing at the entrance of the Coronation Reserve, around NZ Flax (Phormium tenax). Large photograph shows T. majus in flower, October/November. Waiarohia Stream, Manse Street.
peregrinum and T. speciosum. The hardiest species is T. polyphyllum from Chile, the perennial roots of which can survive underground when air temperatures drop as low as −15°C (5°F). Plants in this genus have showy, often intensely bright flowers, and rounded, shield-shaped leaves with the petiole in the centre. The flowers have five petals (sometimes more), a three-carpelled ovary, and a funnel-shaped nectar tube at the back. Photograph left shows T. majus growing at the entrance of the Coronation Reserve, around NZ Flax (Phormium tenax). Large photograph shows T. majus in flower, October/November. Waiarohia Stream, Manse Street.
ULEX
Ulex europaeus - Gorse.
BOTANICAL NAME: Ulex europaeus - common name Gorse, isis a major invasive plant species in Nnorthland. It is one of the most widely recognised invasive weeds in New Zealand. It covers 700,000 hectares (1,700,000 acres) at varying densities — a total of 5% of the land area of New Zealand excluding existing indigenous forest, and invaded sub-alpine and alpine areas. It was introduced from Western Europe in the very early stages of European settlement, and was recorded by Charles Darwin during his voyage through New Zealand waters in 1835 as growing in hedges in the Bay of Islands. It quickly spread and became a weed due to the temperate climate. However, settlers failed to recognise the threat and gorse seed continued to be imported and plantings deliberately established into the 1900s. The seed can lie dormant on the ground for up to 50 years, germinating quickly after the adults have been removed, especially after a burn-off, so that most methods of removing adult gorse plants, such as burning or bulldozing them, create the ideal conditions for the gorse seeds to
germinate. Large spreading infestations over hundreds of hectares resulted, peaking in the late 1940s. Gorse became New Zealand's most costly weed to control and total eradication with current technology seems impossible.The above photographs were taken at Onerahi's Waimahanga Walkway.
germinate. Large spreading infestations over hundreds of hectares resulted, peaking in the late 1940s. Gorse became New Zealand's most costly weed to control and total eradication with current technology seems impossible.The above photographs were taken at Onerahi's Waimahanga Walkway.
VINCA
Vinca major: Periwinkle - Bigleaf Periwinkle - Fairy's Tooth Brush.
BOTANICAL NAME: Vinca major. Common Name, Periwinkle - Fairy's Tooth Brush. V. major has a number of common names Bigleaf Periwinkle, Large Periwinkle, Greater Periwinkle and Blue Periwinkle. A species of flowering creeper belonging to the family Apocynaceae. It is native to the western Mediterranean. Growing to 25 cm (10 in) tall and spreading indefinitely, it is an evergreen perennial that was frequently used in cultivation as groundcover, but is now an invasive species, along with the smaller leafed V. minor.
Photographs taken in Manse Street, Whangarei, below Girl's High School.
Photographs taken in Manse Street, Whangarei, below Girl's High School.
ZANTEDESCHIA
Zantedechia aethiopica: Arum Lilly - Calla Lily - Varkoor (Africaans).
BOTANICAL NAME: Zantedeschia aethiopica. Common name, Arum Lilly. An old garden plant that was very popular for the home garden in Northland, but is now considered an invasive species. In the post WWII years it was still popular for decorating Churches for weddings etc. Z. aethiopica (common names calla lily, arum lily, or varkoor, an Afrikaans name meaning 'pig's ear', is a species in the family Araceae, native to southern Africa in Lesotho, South Africa, and Swaziland.
Photographs taken on Railway siding in Regent, Whangarei.
Photographs taken on Railway siding in Regent, Whangarei.
Zantedeschia aethiopica var, 'Green Goddess': Arum Lilly - Green Goddess.
BOTANICAL NAME: Zantedeshia aethiopica var "Green Goddess". Common Name Arum Lillu Green Goddess. This Arum Lilly forms robust, evergreen, clumps up to 1.5m tall. The leaves are large, arrow-shaped and fairly fleshy. It is easily distinguished from the common Arum Lilly by its upright funnel-shaped flowers are white, tipped with green (August-January but occasionally at other times of the year). The central spike becomes fleshy when the seeds are ripe. This variety is now a prst plant in Whangarei, where it grows along the banks of water courses. Photographs taken in Carruth Park, Central Whangarei.